Two of our experienced trustees, Steve Gully and Hannah Roynon-Jones, provide insights into the role of the trustee and the protector; they also consider why the jurisdiction of Jersey provides additional comfort when making decisions around choosing a trustee. TO READ THE Everfair Tax newsletter please click here: Trusting a Trustee | Everfair Tax
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Establishing trusts has long been a popular wealth structuring tool for high-net-worth families. It involves giving away legal title, ownership and an element of control of family assets to a business based in an overseas jurisdiction.
A fundamental question for new clients is ‘Can I really trust a Trustee?’
Professional trust companies, operating in reputable and highly regulated jurisdictions have been providing fiduciary services to clients since the middle of the last century. While the reasons for the use of trusts may have evolved over time the role that professional trustees fulfill remains as current as ever.
This article explores why clients continue to be comfortable creating offshore family trusts.
Why do people use offshore trustees?
UK resident foreign domiciled individuals who have assets held overseas or people locating to the UK who have not yet arrived are able to have their surplus overseas wealth managed and controlled in specialist offshore finance centres.
Trusts can offer benefits in ensuring assets are held in a tax compliant manner for succession purposes, family governance reasons, to avoid future dilution or break up of family businesses or other cherished family assets.
Trustees can hold a wide range of assets from banking and traditional investment portfolios with quoted and unquoted holdings; real estate; family business assets; works of art; and moveables such as yachts and planes.
There continue to be tax advantages for the settlors and the beneficiaries of the trusts if the vehicles are structured correctly at the outset with professional legal and tax advice taken to ensure the arrangements are tailored for the needs of each individual family.
Oversight of the Trustee
Consider the offshore trust as a virtual overseas ‘warehouse’.
The ‘warehouse’ can hold a wide range of family assets and investments.
The settlor and beneficiaries of the trust have the rights to inspect the assets at any time and obtain full information on how they are being managed and looked after.
The Trustee has a written document (Trust Deed) which sets out the rules and regulations as to what powers sit with the Trustee and which regulate the actions the trustees are empowered to undertake. The trustees can only take assets out of the ‘warehouse’ if they are for the benefit of the persons listed in the Trust Deed as beneficiaries.
The trustees are also accountable to the beneficiaries to demonstrate that the investments have been professionally managed. These obligations, enshrined in Trust Law, ensure that professional trustees are required to adhere to the highest standards at all times.
Settlors provide further guidance to their trustees through Letters of Wishes (LoW).
While not legally binding (as if they were there would be a danger that the wide powers issued to the trustees under the terms of the Trust deed could be constrained) a LoW is a useful guiding document that settlors give to their trustees. It sets out their views on how the trust assets should be managed and their wishes on future distribution policies.
A LoW is particularly important once the settlor is no longer alive or able to communicate with the trustees. The LoW can be updated at any time and trustees regularly review the contents of these with the settlor.
What role does a Protector play?
The Trust Deed can contain provisions for certain powers to sit with an independent third-party called a Protector.
In most instances these powers are limited to the hiring and firing of trustees, but can also be extended wider (subject to tax considerations around the jurisdiction of the Protector) to include protector consent being required for any changes to the beneficiaries, investment strategy or to consent to distributions above a certain threshold.
Having a trusted individual (perhaps a business associate or long-standing family advisor) act as Protector ensures that there remains an independent set of eyes and ears to look out for the beneficiaries and to step in and effect a change of trustee should the need ever arise. This is a further incentive to ensure that trustees live up to the promises around their service levels made to their clients at the outset of the relationship.
Additional Comfort – the right jurisdiction
Well-run and highly regulated International Financial Centres, such as Jersey, ensure that all businesses that provide trustee services to third parties must be properly licenced and are then routinely supervised by their regulator. Key personnel in the business are individually assessed as being appropriate to manage the business.
All employees are required to act with due skill, care and diligence when fulfilling their role and to act in the best interests of the client at all times.
Family Engagement
Trustees are required to keep full books and records of the structures that they administer.
Face-to-face meetings between trustees and their clients are actively encouraged and regular review meetings with the participation of the legal / tax / investment advisors are an important way of ensuring that the structure remains up to date and continues to fulfil the purpose for which it was established. This also ensures trustees are aware of any changes in family circumstances.
Summary
Offshore trusts continue to play an important and relevant part of the overall design of an international family’s estate and wealth structuring arrangements.
While the notion of parting with valuable family assets to an unfamiliar company in an overseas jurisdiction may seem alien at first, as can be seen, there are a number of ways of providing the assurance new clients seek when establishing a family trust.
Each family’s circumstances are different and the solution that works for them will be determined with bespoke arrangements tailored to suit their requirements.
